Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal) by country
Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from...
Countries reporting
180
Highest
164.7%
Brunei Darussalam
Lowest
0.5%
Somalia
Median
20.3%
Years covered
58
1965–2022
Data points
6,323
What the numbers show
Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal) is currently reported for 180 countries. The highest value is 164.7% in Brunei Darussalam; the lowest is 0.5% in Somalia.
The median across all reporting countries is 20.3%, and the mean is 29.5%.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 362.
Over the past decade 60 countries rose and 45 fell. The largest increase was in Iraq (up 301.5%), and the largest decrease in Austria (down 93.4%).
Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brunei Darussalam | 164.7% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 2 | Monaco | 100.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 3 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 100.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 4 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 98.7% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 5 | Dominica | 95.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 6 | Maldives | 94.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 7 | Luxembourg | 91.2% | 2022 | down 0.1% | rising |
| 8 | Grenada | 85.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 9 | Djibouti | 84.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 10 | Central African Republic | 82.9% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 11 | Equatorial Guinea | 79.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 12 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 74.0% | 2022 | up 4.2% | rising |
| 13 | Jamaica | 73.4% | 2022 | up 245.1% | volatile |
| 14 | Congo | 69.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 15 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 68.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 16 | Ireland | 66.1% | 2022 | up 0.9% | rising |
| 17 | Seychelles | 65.7% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 18 | Malta | 63.9% | 2022 | up 72.1% | falling |
| 19 | Bahrain | 63.4% | 2022 | up 3.0% | rising |
| 20 | Togo | 63.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 21 | Panama | 62.7% | 2022 | up 6.1% | rising |
| 22 | Antigua and Barbuda | 62.6% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 23 | Qatar | 62.4% | 2022 | up 5.8% | rising |
| 24 | Trinidad and Tobago | 62.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 25 | Benin | 62.0% | 2022 | up 2.3% | rising |
| 26 | Gabon | 60.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 27 | Botswana | 60.6% | 2022 | up 40.8% | rising |
| 28 | Cape Verde | 58.9% | 2022 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 29 | Papua New Guinea | 57.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 30 | Palestine, State of | 56.4% | 2021 | up 17.9% | rising |
| 31 | Liberia | 55.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 32 | Singapore | 54.9% | 2022 | up 19.8% | flat |
| 33 | Slovakia | 54.3% | 2022 | up 18.2% | rising |
| 34 | Switzerland | 53.7% | 2022 | down 10.5% | rising |
| 35 | Latvia | 53.4% | 2022 | down 14.9% | falling |
| 36 | Sierra Leone | 52.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 37 | Uganda | 51.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 38 | Mauritius | 50.6% | 2022 | up 42.8% | rising |
| 39 | Comoros | 48.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 40 | United Arab Emirates | 47.7% | 2022 | up 18.9% | rising |
| 41 | Burkina Faso | 45.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 42 | Croatia | 45.8% | 2022 | up 6.5% | falling |
| 43 | Lesotho | 45.7% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 44 | Lithuania | 45.5% | 2022 | up 206.5% | volatile |
| 45 | Angola | 45.3% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 46 | Jordan | 45.0% | 2022 | up 8.0% | rising |
| 47 | Czechia | 43.3% | 2022 | up 25.1% | rising |
| 48 | Belarus | 42.4% | 2022 | up 15.3% | falling |
| 49 | Germany | 41.5% | 2022 | up 29.1% | rising |
| 50 | Denmark | 41.0% | 2022 | down 26.9% | falling |
| 51 | Gambia | 40.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 52 | Nigeria | 40.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 53 | Georgia | 39.0% | 2022 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 54 | Cyprus | 38.8% | 2022 | up 24.9% | rising |
| 55 | Rwanda | 38.3% | 2022 | up 11.9% | rising |
| 56 | Israel | 38.2% | 2021 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 57 | Sao Tome and Principe | 35.9% | 2022 | down 9.7% | falling |
| 58 | Kuwait | 35.9% | 2022 | down 10.9% | falling |
| 59 | Ukraine | 34.0% | 2022 | up 52.8% | rising |
| 60 | Sweden | 33.8% | 2022 | down 12.8% | rising |
| 61 | Costa Rica | 32.2% | 2022 | up 29.9% | rising |
| 62 | Algeria | 30.9% | 2022 | down 13.7% | rising |
| 63 | Fiji | 29.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 64 | South Sudan | 29.3% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 65 | Saint Lucia | 29.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 66 | Norway | 28.8% | 2022 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 67 | Iceland | 28.7% | 2022 | down 10.0% | falling |
| 68 | Albania | 27.7% | 2022 | down 14.4% | rising |
| 69 | Côte d'Ivoire | 27.5% | 2022 | down 11.9% | rising |
| 70 | Italy | 27.0% | 2022 | down 2.4% | rising |
| 71 | Netherlands | 26.5% | 2022 | up 133.8% | rising |
| 72 | Russian Federation | 26.5% | 2022 | up 30.7% | rising |
| 73 | Guinea | 25.8% | 2022 | down 11.7% | rising |
| 74 | Mozambique | 25.3% | 2022 | up 1.9% | rising |
| 75 | Guatemala | 25.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 76 | Barbados | 24.7% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 77 | Republic of Korea | 24.6% | 2022 | down 5.7% | flat |
| 78 | Malaysia | 24.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 79 | Cuba | 24.4% | 2022 | down 4.5% | falling |
| 80 | Puerto Rico | 24.3% | 2022 | up 4.8% | rising |
| 81 | Brazil | 24.1% | 2022 | up 0.7% | flat |
| 82 | Tunisia | 22.7% | 2022 | up 43.0% | rising |
| 83 | Cameroon | 22.7% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 84 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 22.6% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 85 | El Salvador | 22.3% | 2022 | down 15.4% | rising |
| 86 | Namibia | 21.9% | 2022 | down 2.9% | flat |
| 87 | Slovenia | 21.6% | 2022 | up 24.2% | flat |
| 88 | France | 21.6% | 2022 | up 12.6% | rising |
| 89 | Poland | 21.5% | 2022 | up 21.5% | rising |
| 90 | Ghana | 20.5% | 2022 | up 5.5% | falling |
| 91 | China | 20.1% | 2022 | up 66.6% | rising |
| 92 | Republic of Moldova | 20.1% | 2022 | up 22.3% | rising |
| 93 | Honduras | 19.6% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 94 | Kazakhstan | 19.4% | 2022 | up 66.9% | rising |
| 95 | Zambia | 18.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 96 | Guinea-Bissau | 17.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 97 | Finland | 17.9% | 2022 | up 2.5% | flat |
| 98 | Armenia | 17.6% | 2022 | down 13.6% | falling |
| 99 | South Africa | 17.4% | 2022 | down 35.9% | falling |
| 100 | Japan | 17.0% | 2022 | down 9.3% | rising |
| 101 | Greece | 16.7% | 2022 | up 9.0% | rising |
| 102 | Iraq | 15.9% | 2022 | up 301.5% | volatile |
| 103 | Spain | 15.7% | 2022 | up 25.2% | flat |
| 104 | Argentina | 15.5% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 105 | Romania | 15.4% | 2022 | down 5.1% | rising |
| 106 | Bulgaria | 15.4% | 2022 | down 7.2% | rising |
| 107 | Burundi | 15.4% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 108 | Belgium | 15.0% | 2022 | up 3.6% | rising |
| 109 | Paraguay | 15.0% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 110 | Portugal | 14.9% | 2022 | up 22.5% | rising |
| 111 | Nicaragua | 14.9% | 2022 | down 12.7% | flat |
| 112 | Mexico | 14.8% | 2022 | up 2.5% | rising |
| 113 | Australia | 14.5% | 2022 | down 37.9% | falling |
| 114 | North Macedonia | 14.1% | 2022 | up 4.0% | rising |
| 115 | Egypt | 13.9% | 2022 | up 4.5% | rising |
| 116 | Serbia | 13.8% | 2022 | down 21.7% | falling |
| 117 | Colombia | 13.7% | 2022 | down 20.8% | falling |
| 118 | Canada | 13.5% | 2022 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 119 | Hungary | 13.3% | 2022 | down 6.2% | falling |
| 120 | United States of America | 13.1% | 2022 | up 1.7% | rising |
| 121 | Haiti | 13.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 122 | Saudi Arabia | 13.1% | 2022 | up 7.8% | rising |
| 123 | Lebanon | 13.0% | 2022 | down 22.2% | falling |
| 124 | Ecuador | 13.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 125 | Kenya | 12.3% | 2022 | down 66.7% | falling |
| 126 | Peru | 12.1% | 2022 | up 85.9% | rising |
| 127 | Libya | 12.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 128 | Chad | 11.8% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 129 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 11.5% | 2022 | up 42.5% | volatile |
| 130 | Belize | 11.3% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 131 | Zimbabwe | 11.1% | 2022 | down 30.4% | flat |
| 132 | New Zealand | 11.1% | 2022 | down 18.3% | volatile |
| 133 | Türkiye | 11.1% | 2022 | up 8.2% | falling |
| 134 | Indonesia | 10.7% | 2022 | up 9.1% | rising |
| 135 | Malawi | 10.5% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 136 | Philippines | 10.4% | 2022 | up 20.4% | rising |
| 137 | Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | 10.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 138 | Morocco | 10.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 139 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 10.2% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 140 | Bangladesh | 10.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 141 | Myanmar | 10.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 142 | Mongolia | 9.8% | 2022 | down 34.2% | falling |
| 143 | Dominican Republic | 9.4% | 2022 | down 12.7% | falling |
| 144 | Uruguay | 9.4% | 2022 | down 7.8% | rising |
| 145 | Tajikistan | 9.2% | 2022 | up 86.2% | rising |
| 146 | Syrian Arab Republic | 8.8% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 147 | Senegal | 8.6% | 2022 | down 3.2% | rising |
| 148 | Timor-Leste | 8.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 149 | Suriname | 8.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 150 | Ethiopia | 7.7% | 2022 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 151 | Niger | 7.5% | 2022 | up 51.7% | falling |
| 152 | Yemen | 7.4% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 153 | India | 7.4% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 154 | Mauritania | 7.1% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 155 | Oman | 6.8% | 2022 | down 5.4% | flat |
| 156 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 6.6% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 157 | Sri Lanka | 6.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 158 | Montenegro | 5.5% | 2022 | down 53.3% | volatile |
| 159 | Estonia | 5.4% | 2022 | up 44.2% | falling |
| 160 | Eritrea | 5.3% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 161 | Pakistan | 5.3% | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
| 162 | Uzbekistan | 5.2% | 2022 | down 0.1% | falling |
| 163 | Bhutan | 5.0% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 164 | Thailand | 4.8% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 165 | Cambodia | 4.5% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 166 | Guyana | 4.2% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 167 | Chile | 4.0% | 2022 | up 4.5% | falling |
| 168 | Eswatini | 3.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 169 | Sudan | 3.5% | 2022 | unchanged | flat |
| 170 | Azerbaijan | 3.1% | 2022 | down 23.7% | falling |
| 171 | Kyrgyzstan | 2.9% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 172 | Madagascar | 2.9% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 173 | Turkmenistan | 2.6% | 2022 | down 3.4% | rising |
| 174 | Mali | 2.1% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 175 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1.8% | 2022 | down 9.3% | falling |
| 176 | Nepal | 1.6% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 177 | Viet Nam | 1.5% | 2022 | unchanged | falling |
| 178 | Austria | 1.5% | 2022 | down 93.4% | flat |
| 179 | Afghanistan | 1.0% | 2022 | unchanged | rising |
| 180 | Somalia | 0.5% | 2022 | unchanged | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Pacific island small states 29.8%
- Africa Western and Central 24.7%
- Euro area 24.4%
- European Union 24.0%
- Central Europe and the Baltics 19.6%
- Europe & Central Asia 19.1%
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 17.7%
- High income 17.4%
- Post-demographic dividend 17.3%
- Late-demographic dividend 17.3%
- Latin America & Caribbean 16.5%
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 16.3%
- OECD members 16.1%
- Small states 15.6%
- Caribbean Small States 15.5%
- Other small states 15.4%
- East Asia & Pacific 15.0%
- Upper middle income 14.7%
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 14.7%
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 14.6%
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 14.3%
- Sub-Saharan Africa 13.9%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 13.9%
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 13.9%
- Arab World 13.6%
- World 13.3%
- North America 13.2%
- IBRD only 13.1%
- Pre-demographic dividend 12.3%
- IDA & IBRD total 12.2%
- Middle income 12.1%
- Low & middle income 11.9%
- Africa Eastern and Southern 10.4%
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 10.1%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 9.4%
- Early-demographic dividend 9.4%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 8.9%
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 8.9%
- Lower middle income 8.4%
- Least developed countries 7.6%
About this data
Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.